Internet of Things

Since 50 billion or more devices will be on internet in near future. The proliferation won’t happen overnight; It will happen in a course of few years. Many things will be unnoticed, but they are in a subtle and slow process of becoming parts of our daily lives. Machines on their own will take part in the decision making, there will be less human involvement, and because it is still in its infancy it is quite vulnerable (everything in the city from schools to houses to hospital will be connected) . Therefore, focusing on the security of such networks and devices involved in IoT is becoming another area of research, then we have the Big Data, and other useful information that can be extrapolated from the sensors that form the IoT network. Almost 95% or more things aren’t on internet . By the word “things” we mean just anything. It can be a table, it can be your shirt , it can be your bottle. In the near future we might see a cold drink bottle informing you whether it is expired or not. All we can envision is a future where things will be more transparent, more areas of research to work upon, less human involvement (Thus making them more lazy ), and accurate health and other such reports.

1.Understanding Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 with WIRESHARK

Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is the implementation of the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6 and performs error reporting and diagnostic functions (e.g., ping) WIRESHARK is a protocol Analyser.

2. Border Router & Cooja Simulations

In-order to deploy IoT network, installing a Border Router (BR) is a must . Border Router is a gateway to these two different worlds , 802.15.4 (WPAN)devices are on one side of it, and Ethernet or Wi-Fi is on other side of it . One such Border router is a 6LoWPAN Borderrouter (6LBR) .

3. What is 6LoWPAN Border Router (6LBR) ?

In-order to deploy IoT network, installing a Border Router (BR) is a must . Border Router is a gateway to these two different worlds , 802.15.4 (WPAN)devices are on one side of it, and Ethernet or Wi-Fi is on other side of it . One such Border router is a 6LoWPAN Borderrouter (6LBR) .


4. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)

Small devices are unable to communicate with constrained resources. In addition to that Internet of things (IOT) has to take care of heterogeneity. As billions of different sensors, computers , and other communication elements need to be connected together, which may work on different protocols. Therefore, to tackle this problem Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It is one of the largest application protocols meant for IOT.

5. Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL)

Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a distance vector routing protocol, here the routing is based on Destination oriented Acyclic graphs or DODAGs. Before Understanding RPL and How these DODAGs are formed, we need to understand some basic terminology, and Key concepts , which are at the Heart of this Routing Protocol. Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a distance vector routing protocol, here the routing is based on Destination oriented Acyclic graphs or DODAGs.


6. Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPv4, these are two different protocols. Therefore, it is impossible to switch the entire internet over to IPv6 Overnight. Hence, the pragmatic approach is to make these two versions work side by side. And this may last long (Even a decade) , and for that a transition mechanism is needed to bridge between IPv4 and IPv6.

7. What is Contiki OS and why is uIP special ?

Contiki is just like any other popular Operating System, but it was designed for some specific purpose. Contiki OS is an Open Source meant for Internet of Things (IOT) , and is expected to bridge trillions of tiny low-cost, low-power microcontrollers , including tiny Wireless Sensors (Smart Dust) on the Internet.

Apart from being highly portable , and multi-tasking Operating System it has some other interesting features like the Communication Components. These Communication Components include uIP and 6LoWPAN.


8. Introduction to 6LoWPAN

Also called as Nano IP, 6LoWPAN is IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks. It was Developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) for Memory constrained Embedded devices. Edge Routers help a 6LoWPAN domains to get into the internet.